Islamic reformism and Christianity : a critical reading of the works of Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā and his associates (1898 - 1935) / by Umar Ryad. Leiden : Brill, 2009
Inhalt
Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Riḍā’s Sources of Knowledge of the West, With Special Reference to Christianity
1.1. Western Ideas in Arabic Print
1.1.1. Hammurabi and the Babel-und-Bibel-Streit (1903)
1.1.2. Arabic Translation of the Encyclopaedia of Islam (1933)
1.2. Al-Manār Literary Figures
1.3. Conclusion
Riḍā and Arab Christians: Attitudes towards Syrian Christians and the Egyptian Coptic Community
2.1. Syrian Christian Nationalists: A Common Political Agenda
2.1.1. Faraḥ Anṭūn (al-Jāmiʿa)
2.1.2. Jurjī Zaidān (al-Hilāl)
2.1.3. Yaʿqūb Ṣarrūf and Fāris Nimr (al-Muqtaṭaf)
2.1.4. Shiblī Shumayyil: A Fervent Darwinist
2.1.5. ʾIbrāhīm al-Yāzijī
2.1.6. Khalīl Saʿādeh
2.1.7. Al-Machreq: A Jesuit Syrian Review
2.2. The Egyptian Coptic Community
2.2.1. Riḍā’s Attitudes towards the Copts before 1911
2.2.2. The Coptic Congress of 1911
2.2.3. Salāma Mūsā
2.3. Conclusion
Al-Manār versus Evangelism: Rashīd Riḍā’s Perceptions of Social and Theological Aspects of Missions
3.1. Mission is the Life of Religion
3.2. Mission and Colonialism
3.4. Missionary Schools
3.5. Encounters with Missions in al-Manār
3.6. A Muslim Missionary Seminary
3.7. Conversion to Islam versus Evangelisation
3.8. Al-Azhar Criticised
3.9. Conclusion
False Allegations or Proofs? Riḍā’s Formative Polemics on Christianity
4.1. A Muslim Doubting the Authenticity of the Qurʾān
4.2. Researches of the Diligent
4.2.1. Three Prophets: Historical Doubts about Judaism and Christianity
4.2.2. Islam & Christianity: Three Goals of Religion
4.2.3. Judaism & Christianity Derived from Paganism?
4.2.4. Qurʾānic Proofs for the Genuineness of the Bible
4.2.5. Books of the Old and New Testament
4.3. The Glad Tidings of Peace
4.3.1. Muḥammad’s Superiority above all Prophets?
4.3.2. Fear and Hope
4.3.3. Faith and Acts of Muslims
4.3.4. Absurd Treatment
4.3.5. Exceeding the Borders of Politeness
4.4. The Standard of Zion
4.5. Conclusion
In Pursuit of a ‘True’ Gospel: Riḍā’s Arabic Edition of the Gospel of Barnabas
5.1. Championing Tolstoy’s Gospel
5.2. Announcing another ‘True’ Gospel?
5.3. A Freemason
5.5. Short-lived Like an Apricot: A Missionary Response
5.6. Conclusion
The Art of Polemics: Tawfīq Ṣidqī’s Contributions to al-Manār and Riḍā’s Use of Them
6.1. Al-Matbūlī of Cairo and the Resurrection of Jesus
6.2. The Religion of God in His Prophets’ Books
6.3. The Doctrine of Crucifixion and Salvation
6.4. Ṣidqī’s View on the Scriptures of the New Testament and Christian Doctrines
6.5. Riḍā’s Reflections
6.5.1. Riḍā Discussing Crucifixion in a Missionary School
6.5.2. Reward and Salvation in Islam
6.5.3. A Pagan Nature of the doctrines of Crucifixion and Salvation?
6.5.4. An Illusive Crucifixion?
6.6. Conclusion
Recapitulation of Ideas: Christianity as Reflected in Riḍā’s Fatwās
7.1. Early Encounters
7.2. Are Christians Unbelievers?
7.3. A Kuwaiti Petitioner on Slavery in the Bible
7.4. An Aḥmadī Petitioner
7.5. A Lutheran Danish Missionary in Riḍā’s Fatwās
7.6. An Egyptian Debater in Gairdner’s Magazine
7.7. A Muslim Facing Missionaries in Tunisia
7.8. Fatherless Birth of Jesus: non-Qurʾānic?
7.9. Missionary Doubts on Qurʾānic Narratives
7.10. Miḥrāb and Altar
7.11. Don’t Recite the Qurʾānic Verses on Christians in Public!
7.12. A Muslim Copyist of Missionary Books and Crafting the Cross for Christians
7.13. Conclusion
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendices
Index